View source for Ultrasound: joint

==Background==
*US can demonstrate joint effusions and aid in diagnostic procedures such as joint aspiration and hematoma blocks
*Common joints that are amenable to ultrasound includes glenohumeral, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, and ankle joint
*[[Shoulder dislocation]]s can be found with SN and SP nearing 100% in both diagnosis and assessing reduction<ref>Abbasi, S, et al. Diagnostic Accuracy of Ultrasonographic Examination in the Management of Shoulder Dislocation in the Emergency Department. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2013; 62(2):170–175.</ref>

==Joint Effusion==

===Images===
====Normal====
====Abnormal====
[[File:Joint effusion.png|300px|Joint effusion]]

===Instructions===
#Select linear probe (high frequency probe) for smaller joints such as elbow, wrist, ankle, or knee
#Select curvelinear probe (low frequency probe) for larger joints such as shoulder or hip joint
#Scan joint longitudinally to identify the joint space and adjacent bones
#Rotate 90° over area of concern

===Findings===
*Positive
**Substantial quantity of anechoic fluid (in comparison to contralateral side) 
*Negative
**Trace or no effusion

===Pearls and Pitfalls===
*Compare contralateral joint

==[[Shoulder Dislocation]]==

===Images===
====Normal====
[[File:Reduced shoulder.png|300px|Reduced shoulder]]

====Abnormal====
[[File:Shoulder dislocation humerus right of screen.png|300px|Dislocation]]

====Reduction====
[[File:In-Vivo Shoulder Reduction Rutz.gif|300px|In-Vivo Shoulder Reduction<ref>http://www.thepocusatlas.com/musculoskeletal/</ref>]]

===Instructions===

====Posterior Approach====
#Select curvilinear probe (low frequency probe)
#Place probe to the posterior chest parallel above the scapular spine
#Identify the glenoid and humeral head

====Anterior Approach====
#Select curvilinear probe (low frequency probe)
#Place probe to the anterior chest parallel to the glenohumeral joint
#Identify the glenoid and humeral head

===Findings===
*In anterior and posterior shoulder dislocations, the humeral head is displaced anterior or posterior to the glenoid fossa, respectively
*Hematoma may be present and appear hyperechoic next to the glenoid fossa

===Pearls and Pitfalls===
*Always compare findings with the unaffected joint

==See Also==
*[[Ultrasound: MSK]]
*[[Ultrasound: Bone]]

==External Links==

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Radiology]]
[[Category:Orthopedics]]